El fuego en tanques de almacenamiento crece entre un 20% y un 80% en cada década, reportándose en promedio 16 accidentes anuales a partir de los años 90’s. En muchos de los casos las pérdidas económicas oscilan en cientos de millones de dólares, así como las perdidas humanas. Es notable que alrededor de la mitad de los casos registrados ocurrieran en los Estados Unidos de América.
1.- San Juan, Puerto Rico (24 de octubre de 2009)
En octubre de 2009, aconteció un accidente catastrófico en las instalaciones de Caribbean Petroleum Corporation.
Una explosión provocó el incendio de por lo menos 15 tanques de almacenamiento de combustible en una planta de almacenamiento de petróleo situada en las cercanías de San Juan, Puerto Rico. Las explosiones e incendios ocurridos involucraron a más de la mitad de los contenedores de petróleo de la granja, generando pérdidas económicas de cientos de millones de dólares y finalmente llevando a la compañía petrolera a la ruina.
En general los tanques de almacenamiento de la planta tenían 30 metros de diámetro y 12 metros de altura aproximadamente. El tanque más grande tenía un diámetro de unos 74 metros.
La planta contaba con un sistema de contención secundario constituido por “diques hechos de tierra”. Esos terraplenes bordeaban a los tanques de almacenamiento con el fin de retener derrames de líquidos que de alguna forma pudiesen escapar de los contenedores primarios, evitando que se esparciera el combustible líquido en la zona
Probables causas del Incendio:
1. Caída de un rayo: Según algunos testigos, la primera impresión que tuvieron al escuchar el fuerte ruido fue que se trataba de un fuerte trueno que retumbó en las cercanías. El rayo pudo haber sido la fuente de ignición del combustible almacenado, pero esta teoría se descartó, porque no había tormenta y era de noche.
2. Mal funcionamiento de elementos mecánicos de nivel y válvulas:
Finalmente se determinó que un sobrellenado del tanque 105 (en amarillo) y no detectado por los operadores ocasiono que se desbordara la gasolina del mismo hasta los tanques de la parte norte (tanques en rojo) y un punto de ignición ocasiono el incendio.
Luego de investigar el caso, se concluyó que la falla en los dispositivos del sistema de seguridad del tanque (tipo mecánicos) que estaba siendo llenado desató una cadena de eventos que culminaron en la impresionante catástrofe.
La gasolina, una vez en el exterior del tanque, pudo fácilmente evaporarse de manera en que consiguió esparcirse en estado gaseoso en un radio aproximado de 1 kilómetro hasta alcanzar una fuente de ignición y provocar el incendio.
Una lámpara de luz fluorescente de la refinería genero alguna chispa eléctrica, la cual habría sido suficiente para encender el vapor combustible.
2.- Accidente en Jaipur, India (29 de octubre de 2009)
Fallecieron 12 persona y 300 heridos. Hubo 500,000 personas evacuadas.
En conclusión en ninguno de los dos accidentes antes mencionados se contaba con un Análisis de Riesgo para poder prever las posibles causas que podrían ocasionar el accidente y menos se contaba con Sistemas de Seguridad contra Incendio, no existían ningún tipo de detectores de vapor o gases ni sistemas de mitigación de fuego.
3.- Tanque de almacenamiento de gasolina se incendió en la refinería de Salina Cruz Oaxaca por falla mecánica (17 de abril de 2022)
El siniestro se presentó en un tanque con capacidad para cien mil barriles de combustible. .
El fuego inició la tarde del viernes, tras casi 24 horas pudieron controlarlo y desactivar la emergencia.
Para la extinción del incendio protección civil estatal pidió ayuda a la refinería de Cadereyta, Nuevo León y de Minatitlán, Veracruz, además de personal de la Marina mexicana que trasladó vía aérea espuma mecánica para extinguir el fuego.
No obstante, después de 24 hrs., los bomberos continuaban con las maniobras de enfriamiento con espuma mecánica para evitar el calentamiento de otros tanques de combustible.
Protección civil del puerto confirmó también que no se reportaron lesionados.
4.- San Juan Ixhuatepec (19 de noviembre de 1984)
La madrugada del 19 de noviembre de 1984, la ciudad de México registró una de las tragedias más impresionantes de su historia: La explosión de varios de los contenedores de gas denominado como LPG que produjo un incendio de una magnitud enorme. El accidente ocurrió a 20km hacia el norte de la ciudad de México donde Pemex tenía un almacenamiento y centro de distribución grande de LPG. La explosión dejó un cráter de 200m de radio con, oficialmente, 503 personas murieron y hubo 7,000 heridas.
5.- Planta de PEMEX de San Rafael en Monterrey México
El 23 de junio de 1988 se registró una gran explosión e incendio en los tanques de almacenamiento de esta dependencia, evacuando a los habitantes de más de 10 colonias de los alrededores. Un reporte extraoficial por parte de un empleado de Pemex, declaró haber visto al rededor de 30 personas muertas. El mismo declara haber cerrado una válvula de seguridad para impedir que ocurrieran explosiones en cadena en los otros dos depósitos. Esto le provocó grandes quemaduras en las manos.
6.- Incendio en los tanques de almacenamiento de PDVSA en Venezuela (14 de marzo de 2019)
Un incendio afectó tres tanques de almacenamiento de petróleo en una instalación de la estatal venezolana PDVSA en la Faja del Orinoco, informó el gobierno (ver noticia).
Se informó que las bombas contra incendio de la instalación “tienen dos años dañadas” y “no había espuma especial para controlar el fuego”, además de que durante la emergencia ladrones se robaron la batería del camión de los bomberos.
7.-Texas City, Estados Unidos (23 de marzo de 2005)
En la refinería de British Petroleum (BP), una explosión producto de un escape de hidrocarburos dejó como saldo 15 muertos y 200 heridos.
Esta fue la tercer mayor refinería de Estados Unidos, con una capacidad de 437.000 barriles por día. Había sido adquirida por BP en 1999, luego de fusionarse con Amoco.
La investigación oficial determinó que la explosión se generó cuando una nube de vapores de hidrocarburos más densos que el aire entró en contacto con una fuente de ignición (posiblemente el motor de un vehículo que estaba en funcionamiento en la planta).
La investigación del accidente mostró que los factores humanos y técnicos fueron la causa del accidente: cansancio de los obreros, recortes de gastos, desorganización, falta de informes técnicos, y mal mantenimiento de las válvulas de presión, sensores de nivel, alarmas y otros instrumentos de seguridad.
8.- Pemex Salina Cruz Oaxaca ( 15 de junio de 2017 )
Una persona murió en un gran incendio que se produjo en la refinería parcialmente inundada en el sur de México.
Según la empresa, el aceite alcanzó el punto de ignición como consecuencia de la inundación, provocando el incendio, aunque según otros informes las explosiones se produjeron como consecuencia de un cortocircuito en transformadores de energía de la planta.
REFERENCIAS
- Artículo recibido el 10 de mayo de 2011 y aceptado para publicación el 15 de julio de 2011. 2 Ex estudiante de Maestría, Departamento de Ingeniería Civil y Agrimensura, Universidad de Puerto Rico en Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 00680-9000. Actualmente estudiante doctoral, JohnHopkins University.
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